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关于测量的量子理论
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河姆渡 发表文章数: 15 |
关于测量的量子理论 对量子体系进行测量时,会发生波包塌缩。关于塌缩的机理,历来存在争论。有多宇宙理论,还有人支持塌缩只是粒子数多了后的退相干过程。个人支持后者,不知大家有何看法?
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元江 发表文章数: 228 |
Re: 关于测量的量子理论 从电子单个发射的实验来看,退相干说不通。 从源发射一个电子,电子“过”双缝,在接受屏上 形成一个亮点。这是一个塌缩过程吧?让实验就此停止, 那就没有多粒子问题,那么,至少在这个情况下,多粒子 退相干导致塌缩说不通。 这个是我的想法,请识者指正。 道可道非常道 名可名非常名
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sage 发表文章数: 1125 |
Re: 关于测量的量子理论 接受屏 ------- this is precisely where decoherence happens. anything has a bright dot that you can see has a lot of degrees of freedom in it. 上 形成一个亮点。这是一个塌缩过程吧?让实验就此停止, 那就没有多粒子问题,那么,至少在这个情况下,多粒子 退相干导致塌缩说不通。
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冷月 发表文章数: 51 |
Re: 关于测量的量子理论 this is precisely where decoherence happens. anything has a bright dot that you can see has a lot of degrees of freedom in it. ----------------- 单个粒子也有退相干?波包崩缩与退相干是什么关系?
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河姆渡 发表文章数: 15 |
Re: 关于测量的量子理论 那么sage兄是赞成这一说法的喽?
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sage 发表文章数: 1125 |
Re: 关于测量的量子理论 那么sage兄是赞成这一说法的喽? Decoherence does seem to work, at least conceptually. The only problem might be whether you should applied it to the wavefunction of universe and so on.
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sage 发表文章数: 1125 |
Re: 关于测量的量子理论 单个粒子也有退相干? Decoherence happens when it comes into contact with a system of large number of degrees of freedom, such as the screen. 波包崩缩与退相干是什么关系? Decoherence could be viewed as an attempt to explain wave-function collapse in a dynamical way.
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元江 发表文章数: 228 |
Re: 关于测量的量子理论 我原来以为退相干是指多个电子之间得相干。 按sage所说,那是指单个电子与任何大自由度的 体系接触。到者里我还能follow,不过我又有个问题。 这个“退相干”到底怎么解释呢,是说本来单个电 子处于“相干态”,当碰到大自由度体系者个“相干态” 给“退”了(毁掉了)?是不是可以这样说,单个电子在 碰到屏幕前处于“相干态”,也就是波态,而碰到屏幕时 塌缩成粒子,这就是退相干了? 道可道非常道 名可名非常名
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sage 发表文章数: 1125 |
Re: 关于测量的量子理论 按sage所说,那是指单个电子与任何大自由度的 体系接触。到者里我还能follow,不过我又有个问题。 这个“退相干”到底怎么解释呢,是说本来单个电 子处于“相干态”,当碰到大自由度体系者个“相干态” 给“退”了(毁掉了)? if a single particle state is well isolated, it is always coherent. then, it come into contact with a system. The full state is still coherent. on the other hand, if you just look at that single particle as a part of the full state, it does not cohere as the isolated single particle state any more. sometimes, especially when the particle come into contact with a system with large number of degrees of freedom, its state behaves like it has no coherence. this is the basic idea of decoherence. Speaking in the language of density matrix. The full density matrix of system+particle is always a pure ensemble, i.e., coherent. On the other hand, if you look at only the single particle part of the density matrix, typically, it has the form of a mixed ensemble. See my post on measurements in quantum mechanics for details. as it is clear from this discussion, it has nothing to do with whether it is particle or wave. 是不是可以这样说,单个电子在 碰到屏幕前处于“相干态”,也就是波态,而碰到屏幕时 塌缩成粒子,这就是退相干了
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yinzhangqi 发表文章数: 206 |
Re: 关于测量的量子理论 关于量子系统的退相干,我想可以这么理解。 退相干是不可逆的,原因在于量子系统与周围的环境(可以看成是大量的粒子构成的系统)相互作用,原有的 信息被大量的系统给吸收摸平了。本来薛定谔方程是可逆的,但是由于量子系统与它周围的环境构成的系统 具有大量的粒子,它们可能处的微观状态是一个天文数字,这整个系统理论上需要演化非常非常长的时间才 能够回到初始的状态。对我们这些观测者来说,是无法看到这整个过程的,因此我们认为退相干不可逆。 我的blog:http://zqyin.wordpress.com
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元江 发表文章数: 228 |
Re: 关于测量的量子理论 读了sage和yinzhangqi我又胡涂了 也许我先应该弄清楚什么叫“相干态”。 从你们的叙述中,我得到的理解是 一个孤立的粒子就处于“相干态”。 这个“相干”是什么意思呢?是说 一个孤立的粒子有确定的“相位”? 如果是指有确定的“相位”,那除了“相位” 这个粒子还有什么? 道可道非常道 名可名非常名
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快刀浪子 发表文章数: 1200 |
Re: 关于测量的量子理论 退相干是指从叠加态退化为本征态吧? 不知退相干理论能不能预测新的现象(还是已经预测了但很难做实验检验)?如果不能的话,总是让人不放心。 冷风如刀,以大地为砧板,视众生为鱼肉。 万里飞雪,将苍穹作洪炉,熔万物为白银。
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sage 发表文章数: 1125 |
Re: 关于测量的量子理论 也许我先应该弄清楚什么叫“相干态”。 please read my post on this issue in the collection of my articles. IT is best defined by density matrix. I am speaking of pure ensemble vs mixed ensembles. Pure ensemle is just a coherent state.
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sage 发表文章数: 1125 |
Re: 关于测量的量子理论 退相干是指从叠加态退化为本征态吧? No. eigenstate of any set of operators is still a coherent state. You could always think of a eigenstate as superposition of eigenstates of some other operator. 不知退相干理论能不能预测新的现象(还是已经预测了但很难做实验检验)? It is in principle testable. Yin might tell you exactly the experimental situation. 如果不能的话,总是让人不放心。
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duality 发表文章数: 29 |
Re: 关于测量的量子理论 Speaking in the language of density matrix. The full density matrix of system+particle is always a pure ensemble, i.e., coherent. On the other hand, if you look at only the single particle part of the density matrix, typically, it has the form of a mixed ensemble. See my post on measurements in quantum mechanics for details. ----- I remmenber the matter in EPR paradox is original from what you said . It ignored this point as well.
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道德与星空 发表文章数: 53 |
Re: 关于测量的量子理论 对量子体系进行测量时,会发生波包塌缩。关于塌缩的机理,历来存在争论。有多宇宙理论,还有人支持塌缩只是粒子数多了后的退相干过程。个人支持后者,不知大家有何看法? ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 不知道你注意过孙昌璞那篇关于量子测量问题的综述性文章没有,这里面谈到了很多关于测量和退相干。这篇文章总结的应该是2000年之前的,离现在不远,可是看来这个问题并没有解决的让人满意,他谈到的只是在系综的意义上进行的测量,实际上也就变成量子退相干问题了。也就是说当我们只考虑系综的时候可以认为这实际上是个退相干的问题。并且他说考虑单个粒子的测量也许不是个恰当的问题。我总觉的这个单粒子测量的问题才是重要的,可好象这个是被忽略了。到现在从这篇文章中可以看到,到现在为止关于量子测量问题的成果只是这个退相干理论。可是我总觉得单粒子测量理论可能是非常重要的,而这个问题又是很困难的,所以被“忽略”了。单粒子测量理论之所以困难,我觉得有一个原因就是:很明显无论怎么做我们都无法从可逆薛定鄂方程推出这个不可逆的量子测量结论,谁知道这里面的“问题”到底出在哪呢??? 最强的那个人一定是最孤独的那个人。
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rn86 发表文章数: 22 |
Re: 关于测量的量子理论 从牛顿开始就引入观察者,把人的意志强加给自然,早晚会出问题的。 生命在于自我创造
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权权 发表文章数: 92 |
Re: 关于测量的量子理论 Pure ensemle is just a coherent state. ================================= Probably it's just a matter of terminology. I think what you mean by "pure ensemble" is the collection of "pure states". "Pure states" means those states which can be expressed as state vector; while "mixed states" can only be expressed as density matrices. On the other hand, "coherent state" is usually refered to some more specific states. Generally there three different definitions for "coherent states": (1) minimum uncertainty states for two cononically conjugate dynamical variables. (2) eigenstates of ladder operators in the dynamical symmetry algebra. (3) displacement operator acting on fiducial state, where displacement opertor are exponentiated generators in the dynamical symmetry algebra, in other words, finite group elements in the dynamical symmetry group. The most well known coherent state is the Glauber states for bosons. Glauber states satisfy all three conditions list above. Following the spirit of Schrodinger, coherent states are those "quantum" states which can best simulate classical motion of particles. Among all these definitions, the third one is most easily generalizable to other systems. For example, the angular momentum coherent states, in which the expecatation value of components of angular momentun coincide with the classical values. In this restricted sense, the meanings of the two words "pure state" and "coherent state" are not necessarily the same. 不忧不惧
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sage 发表文章数: 1125 |
Re: 关于测量的量子理论 Probably it's just a matter of terminology. ============================================ you are absolutely right on all accounts. Thanks for clarifying the terminology.
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