简单产生复杂 (Simplicity Begets Complexity)
---徐一鸿(Anthony Zee)论橄榄球和宋诗
感谢万维“竞技沙龙”网友ganglia提到美国物理学家徐一鸿教授的科普名著"Fearful Symmetry"中有多处提到了美式橄榄球,这让原本无暇顾及此书的我兴趣大增。于是利用本周末在四场橄榄球季后赛的广告和休息时间细读此书,果然收获颇丰。有些网友也许对徐教授的英文名字拼写感到奇怪,这也许是他的创造性有些过头,居然想到用上海方言的发音来拼"徐"字.
阅读这类没有数学公式的物理科普一般无需调低电视机的音量,徐教授的英语文笔真是出乎意料的精彩。看来阿拉上海人的英语水平高是普遍现象, 我对自己的词汇量一直非常自信, 没想到天外有天, 徐教授的文字里还出现了不少生词。他从小爱好艺术史,因此在文科领域也颇有心得。"Fearful Symmetry"一书行文之流畅颇能抓住我的注意力, 令我一度在球赛广告回来之后的几分钟内仍不忍完全切换"视觉频道", 以至不断重复抬头低头动作, 这要感谢美式橄榄球的"量子化"本质, 呵呵.
两天四场球赛下来让我读完头两章整整100页, 在此摘录并用中文点评一下两个最精彩的片段与繁星网友分享, 毕竟我是通过本客栈首次知道此书的存在:
(1) 关于美式橄榄球的文字
Simplicity Begets Complexity
... The American game of football is my favorite sport to watch, because of the variety of behavior exhibited. But the complex repertoire is the direct result of probably the most complicated set of rules in sports. Similarly, the complexity of chess is generated by its rather complicated rules.
Nature, whose complexity emerges from simplicity, is cleverer. One might say that the workings of the universe are more like the oriental game of Go than chess or football. The rules of Go can be stated simply and yet give rise to complex patterns. The eminent physicist Shelley Glashow has likened contemporary physicists to kibitzers at a game whose rules they do not know. But by watching long and hard, the kibitzers begin to guess what the rules might be.
...
In the United States, a committee of the NFL meets every year to review the past season and to tinker with the rules. As every observer of the sport knows, an apparently insignificant change in even one rule can drastically affect the pattern of the game. Restrict slightly how a cornerback can bump a receiver and the game becomes offense dominated. Over the years, the rules of the game have evolved to ensure an interesting balance between offense and defense. Similarly, Nature's laws appear to be delicately balanced.
...
The central point is that, unlike the rules of football, Nature's rules are not arbitrary; they are dictated by the same general principles of symmetry and linked together in an organic whole.
【点评】徐教授在这几段文字中提到了美式橄榄球和国际象棋这两项兄弟相当喜爱的竞技体育, 对前者我是观众, 而后者是我的业余爱好。我在中学时代是围棋和国际象棋并举,其中给围棋的时间可能略多。但近年来偶尔上网下棋,基本上只参与国际象棋,因为一盘围棋需要的时间过于漫长,而国际象棋可以下得非常快。换言之,国际象棋更能让我体会到instant gratification,而围棋计算的复杂性使其娱乐性相对较差。
(2) 关于宋代诗人陈与义作品中涉及的运动相对性
Gently Down the Stream
... In a four-line, lyrical poem describing a boat trip on a windy day, the Song Dynasty poet Yu-yee Chen (1090-1138) wrote:
"The boat looks red amidst the dancing flowers,
A hundred li of elms in a half-day's wind,
Reclining I watch the clouds standing still,
Not knowing the clouds and I are both traveling east."
In this case, the poet's conception of motion agrees with the physicist's. To the poet, the clouds can quite accurately be described as standing still.
【点评】钱钟书先生在《宋诗选注》中对陈与义评价很高,认为他是在北宋与南宋之交最杰出的诗人。有趣的是,钱先生书中选的10首陈与义作品的第一首就是被徐教授英译并引用的《襄邑道中》:
襄邑道中
飞花两岸照船红,百里榆堤半日风。
卧看满天云不动,不知云与我俱东。
应该说徐教授的翻译基本上是到位的,至于诗作本身的韵味恐怕难免要"lost in translation"。关于这首诗的赏析网上已有专文介绍:
“陈与义(1090-1139),字去非,号简斋,北宋末南宋初的诗人。他写诗学习杜甫,抒写国破家亡的苦痛和颠沛流离的生活,气势雄浑,情调苍凉。《襄邑道中》是北亡国以前的作品,和他后期的作品基调不同。
①襄邑――现在现在的河南省睢(suī)县,在开封(北宋京城)东南150里,惠济河从境内通过。
②榆堤――长满榆树的河堤。
③不知――原来不知,现在才知道了。
④俱东――同向东。
春末夏初时节,诗人从京城开封出发到襄邑去,乘船惠济河东行。这天天气晴朗,两岸原野落花缤纷,随风飞舞,将满河春水照得红红的,连船帆也仿佛染上淡淡的红色了。船帆趁顺风,一路轻扬,沿着长满榆树的大堤,半日工夫就到了百里以外。
两岸飞花,满堤榆树,一片轻帆,顺风百里,诗人这次远行,何等轻松畅快,心旷神怡呀!
诗人静卧船舱,仰看蓝天白云。咦,满天云朵怎么定在那里一动也不动呢?转瞬之间诗人就恍然大悟了:原来白云正默默随我同行,和我一道向东飞去呢!
天上的云和小上的帆,本来是一道乘风前进的。船舱的诗人,行是看到白云在空中处于静止状态,但仔细一想:船行百里,白云一直在头顶上,足见它并没有静止不动,而是和自己所乘的帆船一样,正在向前行驶。“卧看满天云珐劝,天知云与我俱东”,动中见静,似静实动。诗人的观察和感受,不但很有情趣,而且含有智慧和哲理,给人以有益的启示。譬如,有人只顾欣赏自己的成绩,却往往忽略旁人的进步,如果读到这首诗,他大概会有一些感触吧?”
另外,徐教授关于“弱相互作用宇称不守恒”的物理图像描述在我读过的科普著作中实在是首屈一指! 他用一个简单的图示就将parity的基本概念讲透, 接下来过渡到CP violation也非常自然,令一向认为高能物理学高深莫测的我顿时有“会心不远”的感觉。我由此认为徐一鸿教授的科普物理功力丝毫不在Gamow和Weinberg等名家之下,在此向繁星网友郑重推荐此书。